形容词性从句
形容词性从句放在句子中当形容词使用,用来修饰名词性成分。
形容词性从句要与名词产生关系,所以会用到关系词,而形容词性从句也正是用这个关系词来做从属连接词的。
形容词性成分在句子中作定语修饰名词性成分,因此形容词性从句也叫定语从句。
所有的形容词性从句,都要用关系词来做连接词,因此形容词性从句也叫关系从句。
先行词与关系词
构造形容词性从句有一个前提:从句和主句必须【有关系】,也就是两个句子中必须有重复的元素。
这个重复的元素在主句中保留,叫做【先行词】;
在从句中改写成【关系词】。
将关系词放在从句的开头,连接主句和从句,就能制造成关系从句。
主句中的【先行词】一定是名词性成分; 关系词可分为两类:
- 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that
- 关系副词:when, where, why 在从句中不管用的是哪一种关系词,都是形容词性的从句,用来修饰名词性的先行词。
关系代词
与先行词的搭配
- 如果先行词是人,关系词用who(主格), whom(宾格), whose(所有格)
- 如果先行词是物,关系词用which(主格宾格一致),whose(所有格)
- 除去所有格,无论是人和物,如果有关系从句有强烈的指示作用,关系词可以用句有指示性的that。
何时用that
-
先行词既有人又是物时
He talked about the people and the things that he saw in China.
他谈论了他在中国看到的人和事物。 -
先行词被最高级修饰时
This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。 -
先行词被序数词修饰时
This is the first book that I have read this year.
这是我今年读的第一本书。 -
先行词被不定代词修饰时,如:all, some, any, none, everything, something, anything, nothing等
All the things that he said are true.
他说的所有事情都是真的。
There is nothing that wo can do.
我们无能为力。 -
先行词被 the only, the same, the very等修饰时
This is the only book that I need.
这是我唯一需要的书。 This is the same book that I read last year.
这就是我去年读的那本书。
This is the very book that I want.
这就是我想要的那本书。 -
避免重复时
Who is the person that called you last night?
昨晚给你打电话的人是谁?
不能用that的情况
- 非限制性关系从句,因为非限制性关系从句是对先行词的补充说明,不能起到指示作用。
- My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
(我的哥哥住在纽约,是一名医生。)- ❌ My brother, that lives in New York, is a doctor. (错误)
- 非限制性关系从句,因为非限制性关系从句是对先行词的补充说明,不能起到指示作用。
- My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
(我的哥哥住在纽约,是一名医生。)- ❌ My brother, that lives in New York, is a doctor. (错误)
- 关系词在从句中作介词宾语,且介词提前时
- The house in which I live is very old.
(我住的房子很旧。)- ❌ The house in that I live is very old. (错误)
- The house in which I live is very old.
(我住的房子很旧。)- ❌ The house in that I live is very old. (错误)
- 先行词为指人的两个并列名词时
- The teacher and the student who were talking are in the room.
(正在交谈的老师和学生在房间里。)- ❌ The teacher and the student that were talking are in the room. (错误)
- The teacher and the student who were talking are in the room.
(正在交谈的老师和学生在房间里。)- ❌ The teacher and the student that were talking are in the room. (错误)
- 先行词是专有名词时
- Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful.
(巴黎是法国的首都,很美丽。)- ❌ Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful. (错误)
- 先行词是专有名词时
- Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful.
(巴黎是法国的首都,很美丽。)- ❌ Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful. (错误)
关系副词
- 关系副词when修饰时间,先行词是时间名词,如:time, day, year, moment等
-
I remember the day when we first met.
(我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)- "when" 在从句中作时间状语。
-
I remember the day when we first met.
(我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)- "when" 在从句中作时间状语。
-
This is the house where I was born.
(这就是我出生的房子。)- "where" 在从句中作地点状语。
-
This is the house where I was born.
(这就是我出生的房子。)- "where" 在从句中作地点状语。
-
I don't know the reason why he left.
(我不知道他离开的原因。)- "why" 在从句中作原因状语。
-
I don't know the reason why he left.
(我不知道他离开的原因。)- "why" 在从句中作原因状语。
只有关系词在从句中作状语时,才用关系副词,否则要用which或that。
-
I remember the day which you mentioned.
(我记得你提到的那一天。)- "which" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
-
I remember the day which you mentioned.
(我记得你提到的那一天。)- "which" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
-
This is the house that he bought last year.
(这是他去年买的房子。)- "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
-
This is the house that he bought last year.
(这是他去年买的房子。)- "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
-
I don't know the reason that she gave.
(我不知道她给出的理由。)- "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
-
I don't know the reason that she gave.
(我不知道她给出的理由。)- "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
限制性与非限制性关系从句
限制性关系从句和非限制性关系从句的区别在于:
- 限制性没有逗号隔开,非限制性有逗号隔开
- 限制性对先行词起限定作用,非限制性对先行词起补充说明作用
- 限制性以用that,非限制性不能用that
限制性关系从句
限制性关系从句就是具有“指示功能”的关系从句, 用来限定先行词的范围,可以理解为“千千万万”个中的“一个”。 因为具有指示功能,所以在限制性关系从句中可以选择用that。
-
The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
(我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)- 限制范围,指特定的一本书。
-
The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
(我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)- 限制范围,指特定的一本书。
-
The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
(站在门口的那个人是我叔叔。)- 限制范围,指特定的一个人。
-
The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
(站在门口的那个人是我叔叔。)- 限制范围,指特定的一个人。
-
This is the house where I grew up.
(这是我长大的那座房子。)- 限制范围,指特定的一座房子。
-
This is the house where I grew up.
(这是我长大的那座房子。)- 限制范围,指特定的一座房子。
非限制性关系从句
非限制性关系从句通常用逗号隔开,表示对先行词的补充说明,没有限定、指示的作用, 因此不能用that,只能用who, whom, whose, which等关系代词。
-
This book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting.
(这本书是我从图书馆借的,非常有趣。)- 补充说明,先行词 "this book" 已明确。
-
This book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting.
(这本书是我从图书馆借的,非常有趣。)- 补充说明,先行词 "this book" 已明确。
-
My uncle, who is standing at the door, is a doctor.
(我的叔叔站在门口,他是一名医生。)- 补充说明,先行词 "my uncle" 已明确。
-
My uncle, who is standing at the door, is a doctor.
(我的叔叔站在门口,他是一名医生。)- 补充说明,先行词 "my uncle" 已明确。
-
Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city.
(巴黎是法国的首都,是一座美丽的城市。)- 补充说明,先行词 "Paris" 是专有名词,无需限定。
-
Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city.
(巴黎是法国的首都,是一座美丽的城市。)- 补充说明,先行词 "Paris" 是专有名词,无需限定。
用不用逗号的句意差别
- The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
(我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)- 我还有很多本书,可能有昨天借的,可能有上个星期借的,可能有买的,也可能有女朋友送的,反正不止一本,我说的是昨天借的那一本。
- The book, which I borrowed yesterday, is very interesting.
(这本书是我昨天借的,非常有趣。)- 我可能还有其他的书,也可能没有,反正我说的是这本书很有趣,顺便提了一下这书是昨天借的。