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形容词性从句

形容词性从句放在句子中当形容词使用,用来修饰名词性成分。
形容词性从句要与名词产生关系,所以会用到关系词,而形容词性从句也正是用这个关系词来做从属连接词的。
形容词性成分在句子中作定语修饰名词性成分,因此形容词性从句也叫定语从句。
所有的形容词性从句,都要用关系词来做连接词,因此形容词性从句也叫关系从句。


先行词与关系词

构造形容词性从句有一个前提:从句和主句必须【有关系】,也就是两个句子中必须有重复的元素。
这个重复的元素在主句中保留,叫做【先行词】;
在从句中改写成【关系词】。 将关系词放在从句的开头,连接主句和从句,就能制造成关系从句。

主句中的【先行词】一定是名词性成分; 关系词可分为两类:

  • 关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that
  • 关系副词:when, where, why 在从句中不管用的是哪一种关系词,都是形容词性的从句,用来修饰名词性的先行词。

关系代词

与先行词的搭配

  • 如果先行词是人,关系词用who(主格), whom(宾格), whose(所有格)
  • 如果先行词是物,关系词用which(主格宾格一致),whose(所有格)
  • 除去所有格,无论是人和物,如果有关系从句有强烈的指示作用,关系词可以用句有指示性的that。

何时用that

  • 先行词既有人又是物时
    He talked about the people and the things that he saw in China.
    他谈论了他在中国看到的人和事物。

  • 先行词被最高级修饰时
    This is the best movie that I have ever seen.
    这是我看过的最好的电影。

  • 先行词被序数词修饰时
    This is the first book that I have read this year.
    这是我今年读的第一本书。

  • 先行词被不定代词修饰时,如:all, some, any, none, everything, something, anything, nothing等
    All the things that he said are true.
    他说的所有事情都是真的。
    There is nothing that wo can do.
    我们无能为力。

  • 先行词被 the only, the same, the very等修饰时
    This is the only book that I need.
    这是我唯一需要的书。 This is the same book that I read last year.
    这就是我去年读的那本书。
    This is the very book that I want.
    这就是我想要的那本书。

  • 避免重复时
    Who is the person that called you last night?
    昨晚给你打电话的人是谁?

不能用that的情况

  • 非限制性关系从句,因为非限制性关系从句是对先行词的补充说明,不能起到指示作用。
  • My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
    (我的哥哥住在纽约,是一名医生。)
    • ❌ My brother, that lives in New York, is a doctor. (错误)
  • 非限制性关系从句,因为非限制性关系从句是对先行词的补充说明,不能起到指示作用。
  • My brother, who lives in New York, is a doctor.
    (我的哥哥住在纽约,是一名医生。)
    • ❌ My brother, that lives in New York, is a doctor. (错误)
  • 关系词在从句中作介词宾语,且介词提前时
  • The house in which I live is very old.
    (我住的房子很旧。)
    • ❌ The house in that I live is very old. (错误)
  • The house in which I live is very old.
    (我住的房子很旧。)
    • ❌ The house in that I live is very old. (错误)
  • 先行词为指人的两个并列名词时
  • The teacher and the student who were talking are in the room.
    (正在交谈的老师和学生在房间里。)
    • ❌ The teacher and the student that were talking are in the room. (错误)
  • The teacher and the student who were talking are in the room.
    (正在交谈的老师和学生在房间里。)
    • ❌ The teacher and the student that were talking are in the room. (错误)
  • 先行词是专有名词时
  • Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful.
    (巴黎是法国的首都,很美丽。)
    • ❌ Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful. (错误)
  • 先行词是专有名词时
  • Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful.
    (巴黎是法国的首都,很美丽。)
    • ❌ Paris, that is the capital of France, is beautiful. (错误)

关系副词

  • 关系副词when修饰时间,先行词是时间名词,如:time, day, year, moment等
  1. I remember the day when we first met.
    (我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)

    • "when" 在从句中作时间状语。
  2. I remember the day when we first met.
    (我记得我们第一次见面的那一天。)

    • "when" 在从句中作时间状语。
  3. This is the house where I was born.
    (这就是我出生的房子。)

    • "where" 在从句中作地点状语。
  4. This is the house where I was born.
    (这就是我出生的房子。)

    • "where" 在从句中作地点状语。
  5. I don't know the reason why he left.
    (我不知道他离开的原因。)

    • "why" 在从句中作原因状语。
  6. I don't know the reason why he left.
    (我不知道他离开的原因。)

    • "why" 在从句中作原因状语。

只有关系词在从句中作状语时,才用关系副词,否则要用which或that。

  1. I remember the day which you mentioned.
    (我记得你提到的那一天。)

    • "which" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
  2. I remember the day which you mentioned.
    (我记得你提到的那一天。)

    • "which" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
  3. This is the house that he bought last year.
    (这是他去年买的房子。)

    • "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
  4. This is the house that he bought last year.
    (这是他去年买的房子。)

    • "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
  5. I don't know the reason that she gave.
    (我不知道她给出的理由。)

    • "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。
  6. I don't know the reason that she gave.
    (我不知道她给出的理由。)

    • "that" 在从句中作宾语,而非状语。

限制性与非限制性关系从句

限制性关系从句和非限制性关系从句的区别在于:

  • 限制性没有逗号隔开,非限制性有逗号隔开
  • 限制性对先行词起限定作用,非限制性对先行词起补充说明作用
  • 限制性以用that,非限制性不能用that

限制性关系从句

限制性关系从句就是具有“指示功能”的关系从句, 用来限定先行词的范围,可以理解为“千千万万”个中的“一个”。 因为具有指示功能,所以在限制性关系从句中可以选择用that。

  1. The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
    (我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一本书。
  2. The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
    (我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一本书。
  3. The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
    (站在门口的那个人是我叔叔。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一个人。
  4. The man who is standing at the door is my uncle.
    (站在门口的那个人是我叔叔。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一个人。
  5. This is the house where I grew up.
    (这是我长大的那座房子。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一座房子。
  6. This is the house where I grew up.
    (这是我长大的那座房子。)

    • 限制范围,指特定的一座房子。

非限制性关系从句

非限制性关系从句通常用逗号隔开,表示对先行词的补充说明,没有限定、指示的作用, 因此不能用that,只能用who, whom, whose, which等关系代词。

  1. This book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting.
    (这本书是我从图书馆借的,非常有趣。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "this book" 已明确。
  2. This book, which I borrowed from the library, is very interesting.
    (这本书是我从图书馆借的,非常有趣。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "this book" 已明确。
  3. My uncle, who is standing at the door, is a doctor.
    (我的叔叔站在门口,他是一名医生。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "my uncle" 已明确。
  4. My uncle, who is standing at the door, is a doctor.
    (我的叔叔站在门口,他是一名医生。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "my uncle" 已明确。
  5. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city.
    (巴黎是法国的首都,是一座美丽的城市。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "Paris" 是专有名词,无需限定。
  6. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a beautiful city.
    (巴黎是法国的首都,是一座美丽的城市。)

    • 补充说明,先行词 "Paris" 是专有名词,无需限定。

用不用逗号的句意差别

  1. The book that I borrowed yesterday is very interesting.
    (我昨天借的那本书非常有趣。)
    • 我还有很多本书,可能有昨天借的,可能有上个星期借的,可能有买的,也可能有女朋友送的,反正不止一本,我说的是昨天借的那一本。
  2. The book, which I borrowed yesterday, is very interesting.
    (这本书是我昨天借的,非常有趣。)
    • 我可能还有其他的书,也可能没有,反正我说的是这本书很有趣,顺便提了一下这书是昨天借的。